Unban Growth NSW Development Corporation Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Unban Growth NSW Development Corporation. Answer: Introduction: Linear Project: the project which has two parallel sides and it progresses with same parallel ends towards single direction is linear project (definedterm, 2014). Common examples of linear projects are tunnel project, railway project, pipeline project etc. (pcfltd, 2017). These types of projects normally have uncertainties in the form of local hindrances, while excavating found some archeological material so the project can delay and so on. So, the schedule for linear project must be presented with respect to time and location both in place of Gantt chart where only activities are just determined with respect to time. The below diagram is very much helpful tool to prepare the schedule for linear type of projects. the planning done and on right is the tracking is being done with respect to planning of the activities already performed. Because of the presence of the information related to location, one can easily understand the flow of work with respect to time location both. My assumptions calculation back-ups: Construction time to set up site establishment, casting yard and batching plant shall consume around 6 weeks. Working days per week are 6 days only. In case of equipment I considered 7 boring and piling machines (6 working + 1 standby), 7 cranes (6 working + 1 standby) and 1 viaduct segment erection machine SLI900. During wet season the boring work will get impacted so the duration is considered as 6 days for each pier piles with 50% of cushion. One lift of pier column is considered to be 3 m in height, so there shall be 2 lifts at max. Erection time for each lift is assumed to be 6 days (including shifting, transportation, unloading, erection placing of pre-cast pier). Now the main factor which is introduced for the project to expedite the erection of viaduct which normally consumes much time because of its weight and dimension it becomes very much difficult to handle. So, we introduced the modern vehicle loaded with all necessary arrangement f or the erection of each 32 m length viaduct segment and for which the machine shall not take more than day for each segments. Hence 2 segments can be erected in a day. The Time Chainage Diagram prepared using Microsoft Excel is attached below: Scope of Method Statement: this document shall provide information regarding the tools and techniques used, hazards involved and other related conditions considered for the construction of 1920 m viaduct to cross floodplain for Project Iron Boomerang. General approach of Construction: the above construction is scheduled to start on 1st January 2020, as per local weather, the month from November to April is normally a wet season. So we need to start our construction activity in wet season, that too with below ground level activities. So, the site establishment, developing casting yard and batching plant is considered in wet season and delay the start of actual construction activity of viaduct. Construction Time: because of wet season the duration for boring is considered to be 6 days for each pier pile and to avoid the deposition of water in side bore, we need to immediately start concreting work wherever possible. By following all the assumptions and calculation and after developing TCD as per the above solution 2, the duration obtained is 35 weeks day (Finish Date: 2nd September 2020). Construction Site Access: the site is situated above floodplains, so the site office, casting yard and batching plant is developed above the floodplain and adjacent to the site to facilitate easy access. Construction of 1920 m Viaduct to cross floodplains: Technique: all the activities are considered in series with 6 parallel work fronts and deployed 7 sets of machines for the same with 6 working and 1 stand by to avoid any break down time SLI900: as this equipment is huge equipment assembled for the ease of viaduct segments above the already erected piers. As the equipment is huge and over and above it need to travel as cantilever beam for around 32 m will move as cantilever till it reaches the next pier top its counter weight must be calculated accurately with extra factor of safety. The main hazard involved is the fall from height which can equally have huge negative effect on the schedule and cost of the project. Cranes for erection of Pre-Cast Piers: the load of pre-cast must be counter weighted properly to avoid toppling. Moreover due to wet weather the grounds may not be enough hard to withstand the load of crane and may slip. So the main hazards involved with cranes are the toppling of the same either with or without load. Conclusion / Recommendation: the construction equipment used to expedite the construction schedule of large viaduct of around 2 km in length and could be obtained as 35 weeks. But at the same time the hazards are also involved which must be taken care for the proper execution of the work and complete the work in budgeted schedule and cost. Any project or large construction work like PIB, had to pass through few steps as a part of project Management process like Planning, Scheduling, Monitor, Track, Forecast and Control (virginiadot, 2007). Various major commodity items which mainly controls the whole schedule of the construction of large railway lines like PIB project are Earthwork quantity , Crushed rock, ballast stockpile, sleepers, rails and viaduct construction as minimum, other may also include items like electrical and control system etc. All the above commodities can be tracked using Earned Value Technique, as per which we first develop the planned quantity (PV) as per the schedule of progress of activity the quantities are distributed or vice-versa. After PV is finalized as part of project baseline, we start the tracking. In which the actual site progress data are compared with PV. The percentage of work done with respect to the scope quantity is the earned quantity of work (EV) and the cost incurred to achieve the EV is called as actual site expenditure or AC. Now whether the project is ahead or behind the schedule or cost can be calculated by using the below formula: If SPI is less than 1, means the schedule is behind target and cannot achieve in budgeted time as well if CPI is less than 1, it means the cost is overrun and cannot complete the project in budgeted cost. Commodity Planning: can be done by plotting the quantities over period of time as shown below, where few other commodities are also shown as graph. Now, once the planning is done, i.e. PV is obtained, and then progress at site need to be monitored using above discussed Earned Value Technique and following graph can be obtained: Tracking project using UAVs or Drones: Its flying robot which can be taken care of with remote and the flight is controlled through programming embedded in frameworks with GPS. These are moving the procedure development endeavors carry out their occupation. Customers are utilizing camera mounted UAV to screen Contractor's development exercises. Rambles help in acquiring continuous figures and status of the development field. Automatons may likewise help in recognizing conceivable perils or quality issues alongside other valuable information in an indistinguishable provoke and cost-agent way. These are increasingly useful as the span of development site increments (ConcreteCivil, 2017). UAV or Drone helps in leading reviewing and checking the status of foundation tasks like railroads. It helps in refreshing the status report considerably less demanding and speedier of any progressing railroad ventures and the field exercises could be observed from office itself. Accumulation of information Management utilizing rambles in railroad extend has enhanced the straightforwardness and nature of information accumulation, as dikes are straight in accordance with a few kilometers automatons can be particularly helpful, even the impacting/pulverizing of rocks and its area can be followed and kept as archive for further charging or documentation reason, danger of going out to screen some hazardous site conditions can be stayed away from by specifically assembling the correct present information and subsequent to breaking down alleviation plan be done well before going physically at site, quantities of balance stockpiles dumped Vs utilized can be checked all the more precisely, after the balance spreading the successors like sleeper placing and rail laying can likewise be observed pictorially. Long Lead Item: is the equipment or other project related items, which are having large manufacturing time and so are ordered at the very beginning stage of the project. These are high weightage value items of the project (builder-questions, 2017). OEMs: The extent of work of OEMs need to solidify and talked about well before the agreement is finished and after the conclusion the OEMs must be followed minutely. As a matter of first importance before the request is concluded, their shop visit must be finished by senior officials to get the vibe of its ability of generation and the status of pre-booking to abstain from over-burdening of merchants since it might affect the conveyance. At general interim the advance audit gatherings should be led between the top administrations of both the association to determine any venture issue and get the vibe of the status of advance by OEMs. References: Definedterm (2014). Linear Project. [Online]. Available at: https://definedterm.com/linear_project (Accessed 22 May 2017). Pcfltd (2017). LinearPlus. [Online]. Available at: https://www.pcfltd.co.uk/products/linearplus/ (Accessed 22 May 2017). Timechainage (2014). TimeChainage - Adding a New Dimension. [Online]. Available at: https://www.timechainage.co.uk/timechainage.html (Accessed 22 May 2017). Australia. Unban Growth NSW Development Corporation (2008). Appendix D Construction Method Management Statement. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ugdc.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/file_root/PDFs/Precincts/Redfern_Waterloo/North_eveleigh_bridge/Appendicies/Appendix%20D%20Construction%20Method%20Statement.pdf (Accessed 22 May 2017). Virginiadot (2007). Tracking Project Commodities for Management Progress Control. [Online]. Available at: https://www.virginiadot.org/business/resources/const/0709_commodity_tracking.pdf (Accessed 22 May 2017). ConcreteCivil (2017). Entry of Drones in Construction Industry: Changing the Way. [Online]. Available at: https://concretecivil.com/entry-of-drones-in-construction-industry-changing-the-way/ (Accessed 22 May 2017). builder-questions (2017). What is Long lead items? [Online]. Available at: https://www.builder-questions.com/construction-glossary/long-lead-items/ (Accessed 22 May 2017).

Management Accounting Report For Toyota Motor Corporation Accounting Essay Example For Students

Management Accounting Report For Toyota Motor Corporation Accounting Essay Outline1 Executive Summary2 Table of Contentss3 Executive Summary 14 Background of the company 15 Review of Management Accounting 46 The Key Techniques and Recommendations to TMC 47 Strengths and Failings of Analysis 48 Decision 49 Mentions 410 Background of the Company:11 History of the company:12 Review of direction accounting:13 The chief Functions of the Management Accounting:14 The cardinal Techniques of Management Accounting:15 3. The key Techniques and Methods Recommended to the Toyota Motor Corporation:16 A Brief Analysis of the Toyota Motors Corporation ( TMC ) :17 Few facts about the company:18 Suggested MA Techniques:19 The Strengths and Weaknesses of Analysis:20 Decision: Executive Summary In the beginning of the Motor industry it is like a Horseless passenger car and shortly hailed as the Industry of industries as quoted by the Management specializer Peter F Drucker, and bring forthing employment to every one in seven people around the universe and become like a base for every concern activity. The techno revolution started in 1910 was made large alterations in the mobilization or conveyance. Subsequently the Nipponese companies followed many radical techniques in production and engineering of the cars. The one of the great subscribers to the development of the car sector is Toyota Industries subsequently known as Toyota Motor Corporation ( TMC ) Toyota Motor Corporation one of the top performing artists in the car makers in the universe shortly known as Toyota and abbreviated as TMC has a great history over 73 old ages founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937, it was a development of Toyota industries started by his male parent. Toyota Motor Corporation is a portion of the Toyota group and one of the largest car participants in the planetary market. Since Toyota s initiation we have adhere to the nucleus rule of lending to society through the pattern of fabricating high quality merchandises and services. Our concern patterns and activities are based on these nucleus rules created values, beliefs and concern methods that over the old ages have become a beginning of competitory advantage. These are the managerial values and concern methods that are known jointly as the Toyota manner. Table of Contentss Table of Contentss Executive Summary 1 Background of the company 1 History of the company 2 Product line of Toyota 3 Review of Management Accounting 4 Main Functions of Management Accounting 5 Key Techniques of Management Accounting 6 The Key Techniques and Recommendations to TMC 4 Brief Analysis of TMC 5 Few facts about TMC 6 Suggested MA Techniques 6 Strengths and Failings of Analysis 4 Decision 4 Mentions 4 Appendix 1: Abbreviations 5 Background of the Company: History of the company: In the beginning of the Motor industry it is like a Horseless passenger car and shortly hailed as the Industry of industries as quoted by the Management specializer Peter F Drucker, and bring forthing employment to every one in seven people around the universe and become like a base for every concern activity. The techno revolution started in 1910 was made large alterations in the mobilization or conveyance. Subsequently the Nipponese companies followed many radical techniques in production and engineering of the cars. The one of the great subscribers to the development of the car sector is Toyota Industries subsequently known as Toyota Motor Corporation ( TMC ) Toyota Motor Corporation one of the top performing artists in the car makers in the universe shortly known as Toyota and abbreviated as TMC has a great history over 73 old ages founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937, it was a development of Toyota industries started by his male parent. Toyota Motor Corporation is a portion of the Toyota group and one of the largest car participants in the planetary market. Since Toyota s initiation we have adhere to the nucleus rule of lending to society through the pattern of fabricating high quality merchandises and services. Our concern patterns and activities are based on these nucleus rules created values, beliefs and concern methods that over the old ages have become a beginning of competitory advantage. These are the managerial values and concern methods that are known jointly as the Toyota manner. Fujio Cho, President Toyota ( From Toyota manner papers, 2001 ) Toyota s chief merchandises include: Roboticss, Financial services and biotechnologies along with its king of beasts portion Automotives. The followers is the elaborate list of its merchandise class in Cars The merchandise line includes Electric engineering ( Plug in Technology, loanblends, pure Electric vehicles ) Cars ( Sports public-service corporation vehicles, luxury type vehicles, and pickup trucks ) The electric engineering was developed and produced in Japan, US and some European states. The recent times importance for non contaminated vehicles is increasing and many states are promoting this loanblend and pure electric vehicles. Keeping these things in head it is concentrating more on the electric vehicles and late announced that it is traveling to let go of its stopper in intercrossed vehicle in2011 and this may go a revolution in the industry and this may monetary value about 20,800 lbs The company has the Management Philosophy called merely in clip that led them as Industry leader by 2008 with a record sale of vehicles. It achieved many mile rocks in its history like presenting intercrossed vehicles, stopper in vehicles and many other things. Review of direction accounting: A direction comptroller applies his or her professional cognition and accomplishment in the readying and presentation of fiscal and other determination oriented information in such a manner as to help direction in the preparation of policies and in the planning and control of the operation of the project. Caesar And Naopoleon EssayThe market orientation is really of import to budget allotment and planning for the future undertakings for the specific market of the company. If the Net income is low and losingss are high it is better to do some alterations in the budget allotment to a market, for case in US the gross revenues of the company has declined over the last two old ages and the rivals like Ford are deriving advantage over the US market due to the Pedal issues took topographic point in 2008 to rectify this company need to set more accent on Customer relationship and Selling activities to forestall the loss. Cost Management: To acquire the best consequences out of the costs incurred in assorted sections and their activities and the consequences company need to analyze the costs, these costs may include cost accounting in Research and Development, design, Purchasing, Production, Marketing, Distribution, Customer Service and resource Planning etc The cost Management will enables the direction to asses where the costs are being high and where the resources are being wasted and how to cut down the costs are to be reviewed efficaciously. Stock Evaluation: in cost analysis stock rating is one of the of import constructs, as Toyota is runing in Manufacturing based concern, the inward goods and its ingestion is really high and as a consequence the stock rating will be done on regular footing, this can be done carefully to avoid the inordinate costs. This can be done either by the undermentioned methods LIFO method, FIFO method, Average cost, Replacement Cost method EOQ: The Manufacturing sector need vary much high investing in goods. The costs involved in this are really high. Particularly the stock maintaining costs are high. To cognize the EOQ value for a good we can utilize the undermentioned expression Q = vitamin D for period*Cost per order/Holding cost per unit Q = CVP analysis: The CVP analysis is used to mensurate the net income in footings of the uses and use of the stock to do the long term planning if needed to concentrate on the variable costs. This can be calculated in the undermentioned mode Net income = Revenue Expenses Net income = Revenue ( Fixed Costs+ Variable Costss ) Therefore the concern will get down to do net income beyond the degree of activity where gross equal disbursals, known as breakeven point As the company is runing in a extremely competitory market so it needed to keep good net incomes, this can be achieved through better operations direction techniques like Just in clip etc. Capital budgeting: Using the Capital Budgeting techniques can enables the Management to measure the companies effectual usage of influx of the hard currency and out follow of the hard currency. The best capital budgeting technique to utilize is ciphering Net Present Value ( NPV ) of the company. The net present Value of the investing best described as the present value of the hard currency influx minus present value of the hard currency out flow NPV = PVB-PVC i.e. Present value of the Benefits -Present Value of the Costss If the NPV value is positive so we can anticipate more than minimal rate of return If the NPV value is negative we can anticipate less than minimal rate of return on investing in such instance we can reject the investing If the NPV is impersonal we can state that it means that benefits equal to Costss The NPV computation is the best procedure for capital budgeting and this can depict the position of investing and return O it The Strengths and Weaknesses of Analysis: The Management accounting is the really cardinal object to be done on regular intervals it might be important in taking farther determinations by the direction and the study may uncover the some of the of import facets that could assist the direction to travel farther As the study of direction accounting need the existent clip informations and it was done on the footing of hebdomadal and monthly, the study need the information every bit good. Normally the company make this direction accounting through the internal employees or particularly by the Accounting section Though the Cost direction is needed in the present context it could non be possible as the addition in the selling attempts made by the rivals made the company travel farther to pass on selling and client support activities. The costs of the company has been increasing as the costs of the natural stuff and other spares, and rough oil monetary values are being increasing twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours, it is mandatory to the company to maintain disbursement money on this issues. Decision: It is concluded that the company demand to be revamp on the footing of its quality control and it has to set more attempts on the investing assessment, market orientation, cost direction and capital budgeting as there are the really of import issues to maintain maintain in the present context. And it has to research more options to come in in to new markets and beef up its bing markets portion. The attempts to set the saes to be revamped are more on its high precedence at the motion. The capital budgeting attempts to be made more concentrated to be effectual budgeting and commanding for the hereafter disbursals.

Taking a Sample Essay Test For Turabian Students

Taking a Sample Essay Test For Turabian StudentsTaking a sample essay test for Turabian students may not be the best idea. If you take a test like this, you are more likely to put up a poor grade. It is highly unlikely that you will get the results you want. I'm going to show you why.Students who took the test are highly motivated. They are so interested in getting a high grade, they would do whatever it takes to make it happen. What they fail to realize is that they need to focus on getting good grades.The first thing they do is try to get a high grade in a paper that gives very little attention to their high school work. This will mean that they will have to do a lot of revision and studying.This means that if they get a high grade on this test shows that they know what they are doing. They also think that this is a paper that will get them into the university. The worst thing they can do is think that the scores of the essay will count.Even though they are willing to work hard, it doesn't mean that they don't know how to behave. If they know how to get a bad grade on a test, they are going to use it to help them get a better grade.A good idea is to do some research on your topic, make sure that you know what you are talking about and find out why people think it is important. With this information, you can figure out a plan on how to improve your performance.Taking a sample essay test for Turabian students could mean that you get a very low grade. Don't forget that the grades are not the most important thing. Concentrate on getting good grades and you will never fail in school.

Abraham Lincoln1 essays

Abraham Lincoln1 essays regarded by many historians as the greatest president ever to stand at America's helm. This reputation is extremely well deserved, as Lincoln was able to preserve the Union and gain victory in the civil war, despite his fighting an uphill battle against his own presidential cabinet. Had he not been struggling against this divided government, President Lincoln could have achieved victory with extreme efficiency and a minimum of wanton bloodshed (Angle 659). After Lincoln was inaugurated on March 4, 1861, he was forced to battle a split cabinet because of campaign promises made to various Republican factions, which made it almost mandatory for certain individuals to be appointed to cabinet posts. He ruled his cabinet with an iron hand, and often acted without cabinet consent or advice. Although his opponents called his method of rule "dictatorial" and "unconstitutional," it was the only effective way to get anything done (Simmons 142). In the beginning, Lincoln's secretary of state, William H. Seward, clearly considered himself the President's superior, and blandly offered to assume the executive responsibility. He entered the cabinet with the thought of becoming the power behind the 2 Presidential chair and openly opposed Lincoln's control of the Union. This made Lincoln's position as Chief of State exceedingly difficult and hindered his communication and control of the military. As time passed, however, Seward recognized Lincoln's capabilities and gave him complete loyalty (Simmons 174). This could not be said of Salmon P. Chase, Lincoln's first secretary of the treasury. Blinded by an inflated ego, Chase pursued his own presidential aspirations. He was in constant conflict with Seward, and in general opposition to Lincoln, particularly over the issue of slavery. Chase has been described as "jealous of the President," and "overly ambitious." Lincoln's personal secre ...

Comparing Catcher in the Rye and Pygmalion and the Themes They Represent essays

Comparing Catcher in the Rye and Pygmalion and the Themes They Represent essays Comparing Catcher in the Rye and Pygmalion and the Themes They Represent In J. D. Salingers novel The Catcher in the Rye, the main character, Holden Caulfield, muses at one point on the possibility of escaping from the world of confusion and phonies while George Bernard Shaws main character of Pygmalion, Eliza Dolittle, struggles to become a phony. The possible reason for this is that they both come from opposite backgrounds. Holden is a young, affluent teenager in 1950s America who resents materialism and Eliza Dolittle is a young, indigent woman who is living in Britain during the late 1800s trying to meet her material needs and wants. These two seemingly opposite characters do in fact have something in common: they, like every other person, are in a constant pursuit of happiness. This commonality is the basis for the themes these two stories present. Some of these themes go unconsidered and this leads to many misunderstandings in the world. This is why Pygmalion and Catcher in the Rye are not just stories but, in fact, lessons that are presented in their themes. These themes teach that being middle or upper class does not guarantee happiness, treating others with good manners and equality are important, and pronunciation and terminology can put you in your place in terms of class. Throughout the worlds history, pronunciation and the way a language is spoken indicates ones place in society. This is quite apparent in Pygmalion. Eliza is a classic victim of being put into her place based on the way she speaks. She goes to Professor Higgins in hope that he will give her lessons on how to speak in a more refined. She says she wants to be a lady in a flower shop stead of sellin at the corner of Tottenham Court Road. But they wont take me unless I can talk more genteel (23). This is precisely why she comes to Henry Higgins. He knows ...

Greek philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Greek philosophy - Essay Example Those performing exceedingly well receive ten years of mathematical education, the successful will move onto five years of training in dialectic and then a final fifteen year period of apprenticeship in managing the polis.† (Philosopher King). Plato developed the concept of â€Å"forms† which he said can be understood only by a well trained and knowledgeable person. The understanding of forms cannot be achieved through human senses and it is something beyond the normal existence of an individual which an average person will fail to understand. Plato also asserts that the mathematical knowledge is substantial for a philosopher king to know forms. It can be seen that, Plato give primary importance to education so that the philosopher is well groomed to be a king. Understanding the political climate of any state is important for its rulers. Plato gives a 15 year duration concentrating only on political concepts and ideas to make a philosopher fit to be king. Here, Polis not only includes the individuals in a state but the geographical peculiarities of the state are also taken into consideration. Plato does not support the idea of democracy as it does put the right person at the helm for making decisions in public, social or political affairs. He point out that such people will not be properly trained in knowledge and practical application of ideas. According to Plato, all individuals in a society are equal in a democratic setting which can lead to problems of great measure. Then he points out that every individual in a society cannot be equally trained to perform well with regard to matters of political concern and in a democratic setup of people with no capabilities contribute to political matters which can destabilize the peace of the society. In a democratic situation, people may select representatives who can be totally incapable of handling political

AAN case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

AAN case study - Essay Example Many efforts have been put in place to protect personal and private data from infringement and theft for intellectual purposes or simply destruction by people considered enemies of the state. As such, many governments all over the world are in pursuit of reliable data monitoring, investigation and other intelligence driven motives electronics that will guarantee such an achievement (Barkan, et al., 2008, pp.392-429). Many countries, especially those in the Asian continent have appreciated the need for information security and they are now facing a very steep learning curve as they have embarked on evaluation and assessment of the new technologies in use and those in the market in order to establish their viabilities, vulnerabilities threats of security and their strength in ensuring that security threats are minimized or eliminated (Faisal, et al., 2007, pp.667-699). Various strategies have been put forward to help tackle security problems in India and the government has seen the nee d to indulge international firms that could be contracted to provide these monitoring and investigation electronic devices. AAN Limited is a company that deals in small electrical products that do have minimal intellectual property value compared with other companies that design the same. The company has sought markets within the Asian region in the past three years. Following this marketing campaign, AAN needs to bid for a contract that is highly ambitious able to impact the organization in a massive scale. This contract is owned by the Indian government where the contractor will have to design a variety of cutting edge electronic products that would be made use of in the secret services of India. The use of these products will be put to use in the monitoring and investigating those people who are a threat to the national security of India. The contract will be worth 144 million sterling pounds in the first two years and an additional sum of 134 million for the next three years aft er the first phase bringing the total contract to a value of 278 million sterling pounds per year. This report aims to address various issues related to security as far as the audit done on AAN case study is concerned. 2.0 Information Security and devices 2.1 Highly Secretive Organizations Highly secretive organization means being a firm that does not expose its dealings to the public. In this case, what happens within the organization is little known to people who are not selected to know. Such organizations deal with top secret or confidential information most especially that relating to the state security and other government machineries. Highly secretive organizations have been known to exist in the minds of many without necessarily having a name or label to identify them a factor which makes it even hard for non-involved party to discuss or even know anything about them in real life and what they do. Most of these secretive organizations are related to the states in which they operate and in their operations, they use high technology devices to track information, monitor movement of people and goods, and make various investigations with the aim of establishing more information that could be used for security purposes (Challa & Pradhan, 2007, pp.87-96). They also use cryptographic modules which do conform to high set standards that form what might be called approved security standards entailing cryptographic algorithms, key management techniques by use of cryptography, and techniques of authentication with the objective of protecting the government’s sensitive information or their own from the public and people considered threats to security (Garg & Verma,